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Parte 1: Visão geral do método

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Chamada de variantes é um método de análise genômica que visa identificar variações em uma sequência genômica em relação a um genoma de referência. Aqui vamos usar ferramentas e métodos projetados para chamar variantes germinativas curtas, ou seja, SNPs e indels, em dados de sequenciamento de genoma completo.

Pipeline GATK

Um pipeline completo de chamada de variantes normalmente envolve muitas etapas, incluindo mapeamento para a referência (às vezes chamado de alinhamento genômico) e filtragem e priorização de variantes. Para simplificar, neste curso vamos focar apenas na parte de chamada de variantes.

Métodos

Vamos mostrar duas maneiras de aplicar chamada de variantes a amostras de sequenciamento de genoma completo para identificar SNPs e indels germinativos. Primeiro começaremos com uma abordagem por amostra simples que chama variantes independentemente de cada amostra. Depois mostraremos uma abordagem de chamada conjunta mais sofisticada que analisa múltiplas amostras juntas, produzindo resultados mais precisos e informativos.

Antes de mergulharmos na escrita de qualquer código de fluxo de trabalho para qualquer uma das abordagens, vamos testar os comandos manualmente em alguns dados de teste.

Conjunto de dados

Fornecemos os seguintes dados e recursos relacionados:

  • Um genoma de referência consistindo de uma pequena região do cromossomo humano 20 (de hg19/b37) e seus arquivos acessórios (índice e dicionário de sequência).
  • Três amostras de sequenciamento de genoma completo correspondentes a um trio familiar (mãe, pai e filho), que foram reduzidas a uma pequena fatia de dados no cromossomo 20 para manter os tamanhos de arquivo pequenos. Estes são dados de sequenciamento Illumina de leituras curtas que já foram mapeados para o genoma de referência, fornecidos no formato BAM (Binary Alignment Map, uma versão comprimida de SAM, Sequence Alignment Map).
  • Uma lista de intervalos genômicos, ou seja, coordenadas no genoma onde nossas amostras têm dados adequados para chamar variantes, fornecida no formato BED.

Software

As duas principais ferramentas envolvidas são Samtools, um kit de ferramentas amplamente usado para manipular arquivos de alinhamento de sequências, e GATK (Genome Analysis Toolkit), um conjunto de ferramentas para descoberta de variantes desenvolvido no Broad Institute.

Essas ferramentas não estão instaladas no ambiente GitHub Codespaces, então vamos usá-las via contêineres obtidos através do serviço Seqera Containers (veja Hello Containers).

Dica

Certifique-se de estar no diretório nf4-science/genomics para que a última parte do caminho mostrada quando você digita pwd seja genomics.

1. Chamada de variantes por amostra

A chamada de variantes por amostra processa cada amostra independentemente: o chamador de variantes examina os dados de sequenciamento de uma amostra por vez e identifica posições onde a amostra difere da referência.

Nesta seção testamos os dois comandos que compõem a abordagem de chamada de variantes por amostra: indexar um arquivo BAM com Samtools e chamar variantes com GATK HaplotypeCaller. Estes são os comandos que vamos encapsular em um fluxo de trabalho Nextflow na Parte 2 deste curso.

  1. Gerar um arquivo de índice para um arquivo de entrada BAM usando Samtools
  2. Executar o GATK HaplotypeCaller no arquivo BAM indexado para gerar chamadas de variantes por amostra em VCF (Variant Call Format)
BAMSamtools indexBAM indexIntervalsReference+ index & dictGATK HaplotypeCallerVCF + index

Começamos testando os dois comandos em apenas uma amostra.

1.1. Indexar um arquivo de entrada BAM com Samtools

Arquivos de índice são uma característica comum dos formatos de arquivo de bioinformática; eles contêm informações sobre a estrutura do arquivo principal que permite que ferramentas como GATK acessem um subconjunto dos dados sem ter que ler o arquivo inteiro. Isso é importante por causa de quão grandes esses arquivos podem ficar.

Arquivos BAM são frequentemente fornecidos sem um índice, então o primeiro passo em muitos fluxos de trabalho de análise é gerar um usando samtools index.

Vamos baixar um contêiner Samtools, iniciá-lo interativamente e executar o comando samtools index em um dos arquivos BAM.

1.1.1. Baixar o contêiner Samtools

Execute o comando docker pull para baixar a imagem do contêiner Samtools:

docker pull community.wave.seqera.io/library/samtools:1.20--b5dfbd93de237464
Saída do comando 
1.20--b5dfbd93de237464: Pulling from library/samtools
6360b3717211: Pull complete
2ec3f7ad9b3c: Pull complete
7716ca300600: Pull complete
4f4fb700ef54: Pull complete
8c61d418774c: Pull complete
03dae77ff45c: Pull complete
aab7f787139d: Pull complete
4f4fb700ef54: Pull complete
837d55536720: Pull complete
897362c12ca7: Pull complete
3893cbe24e91: Pull complete
d1b61e94977b: Pull complete
c72ff66fb90f: Pull complete
0e0388f29b6d: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:bbfc45b4f228975bde86cba95e303dd94ecf2fdacea5bfb2e2f34b0d7b141e41
Status: Downloaded newer image for community.wave.seqera.io/library/samtools:1.20--b5dfbd93de237464
community.wave.seqera.io/library/samtools:1.20--b5dfbd93de237464

Se você não baixou esta imagem antes, pode levar um minuto para completar. Uma vez concluído, você tem uma cópia local da imagem do contêiner.

1.1.2. Iniciar o contêiner Samtools interativamente

Para executar o contêiner interativamente, use docker run com as flags -it. A opção -v ./data:/data monta o diretório local data dentro do contêiner para que as ferramentas possam acessar os arquivos de entrada.

docker run -it -v ./data:/data community.wave.seqera.io/library/samtools:1.20--b5dfbd93de237464
Saída do comando 
(base) root@1409896f77b1:/tmp#

Você notará que seu prompt muda para algo como (base) root@a1b2c3d4e5f6:/tmp#, indicando que você está agora dentro do contêiner.

Verifique que você pode ver os arquivos de dados de sequência em /data/bam:

ls /data/bam
Saída do comando 
reads_father.bam  reads_mother.bam  reads_mother.bam.bai  reads_son.bam

Com isso, você está pronto para testar seu primeiro comando.

1.1.3. Executar o comando de indexação

A documentação do Samtools nos fornece a linha de comando para executar para indexar um arquivo BAM. Precisamos apenas fornecer o arquivo de entrada; a ferramenta gerará automaticamente um nome para a saída anexando .bai ao nome do arquivo de entrada.

Execute o comando samtools index em um arquivo de dados:

samtools index /data/bam/reads_mother.bam

O comando não produz nenhuma saída no terminal, mas você deve agora ver um arquivo chamado reads_mother.bam.bai no mesmo diretório que o arquivo de entrada BAM original.

Conteúdo do diretório 
data/bam/
├── reads_father.bam
├── reads_mother.bam
├── reads_mother.bam.bai
└── reads_son.bam

Isso completa o teste da primeira etapa.

1.1.4. Sair do contêiner Samtools

Para sair do contêiner, digite exit.

exit

Seu prompt deve agora estar de volta ao que era antes de você iniciar o contêiner.

1.2. Chamar variantes com GATK HaplotypeCaller

Queremos executar o comando gatk HaplotypeCaller no arquivo BAM que acabamos de indexar.

1.2.1. Baixar o contêiner GATK

Primeiro, vamos executar o comando docker pull para baixar a imagem do contêiner GATK:

docker pull community.wave.seqera.io/library/gatk4:4.5.0.0--730ee8817e436867
Saída do comando

Algumas camadas mostram Already exists porque são compartilhadas com a imagem do contêiner Samtools que baixamos anteriormente.

4.5.0.0--730ee8817e436867: Pulling from library/gatk4
6360b3717211: Already exists
2ec3f7ad9b3c: Already exists
7716ca300600: Already exists
4f4fb700ef54: Already exists
8c61d418774c: Already exists
03dae77ff45c: Already exists
aab7f787139d: Already exists
4f4fb700ef54: Already exists
837d55536720: Already exists
897362c12ca7: Already exists
3893cbe24e91: Already exists
d1b61e94977b: Already exists
e5c558f54708: Pull complete
087cce32d294: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:e33413b9100f834fcc62fd5bc9edc1e881e820aafa606e09301eac2303d8724b
Status: Downloaded newer image for community.wave.seqera.io/library/gatk4:4.5.0.0--730ee8817e436867
community.wave.seqera.io/library/gatk4:4.5.0.0--730ee8817e436867

Isso deve ser mais rápido que o primeiro download porque as duas imagens de contêiner compartilham a maioria de suas camadas.

1.2.2. Iniciar o contêiner GATK interativamente

Inicie o contêiner GATK interativamente com o diretório de dados montado, assim como fizemos para Samtools.

docker run -it -v ./data:/data community.wave.seqera.io/library/gatk4:4.5.0.0--730ee8817e436867

Seu prompt muda para indicar que você está agora dentro do contêiner GATK.

1.2.3. Executar o comando de chamada de variantes

A documentação do GATK nos fornece a linha de comando para executar para realizar chamada de variantes em um arquivo BAM.

Precisamos fornecer o arquivo de entrada BAM (-I) assim como o genoma de referência (-R), um nome para o arquivo de saída (-O) e uma lista de intervalos genômicos para analisar (-L).

No entanto, não precisamos especificar o caminho para o arquivo de índice; a ferramenta procurará automaticamente por ele no mesmo diretório, baseado na convenção estabelecida de nomenclatura e colocalização. O mesmo se aplica aos arquivos acessórios do genoma de referência (arquivos de índice e dicionário de sequência, *.fai e *.dict).

gatk HaplotypeCaller \
        -R /data/ref/ref.fasta \
        -I /data/bam/reads_mother.bam \
        -O /data/vcf/reads_mother.vcf \
        -L /data/ref/intervals.bed
Saída do comando 
Using GATK jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar
Running:
    java -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_read_samtools=false -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_samtools=true -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_tribble=false -Dsamjdk.compression_level=2 -jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar HaplotypeCaller -R /data/ref/ref.fasta -I /data/bam/reads_mother.bam -O reads_mother.vcf -L /data/ref/intervals.bed
00:27:50.687 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_compression.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_compression.so
00:27:50.854 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
00:27:50.858 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v4.5.0.0
00:27:50.858 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - For support and documentation go to https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
00:27:50.858 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Executing as root@a1fe8ff42d07 on Linux v6.10.14-linuxkit amd64
00:27:50.858 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Java runtime: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM v17.0.11-internal+0-adhoc..src
00:27:50.859 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Start Date/Time: February 8, 2026 at 12:27:50 AM GMT
00:27:50.859 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
00:27:50.859 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
00:27:50.861 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Version: 4.1.0
00:27:50.861 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Picard Version: 3.1.1
00:27:50.861 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Built for Spark Version: 3.5.0
00:27:50.862 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.COMPRESSION_LEVEL : 2
00:27:50.862 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_READ_FOR_SAMTOOLS : false
00:27:50.862 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_SAMTOOLS : true
00:27:50.863 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_TRIBBLE : false
00:27:50.864 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Deflater: IntelDeflater
00:27:50.864 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Inflater: IntelInflater
00:27:50.864 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - GCS max retries/reopens: 20
00:27:50.864 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Requester pays: disabled
00:27:50.865 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Initializing engine
00:27:50.991 INFO  FeatureManager - Using codec BEDCodec to read file file:///data/ref/intervals.bed
00:27:51.016 INFO  IntervalArgumentCollection - Processing 6369 bp from intervals
00:27:51.029 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Done initializing engine
00:27:51.040 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_utils.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_utils.so
00:27:51.042 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_smithwaterman.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_smithwaterman.so
00:27:51.042 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Using AVX accelerated SmithWaterman implementation
00:27:51.046 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Disabling physical phasing, which is supported only for reference-model confidence output
00:27:51.063 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so
00:27:51.085 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Flush-to-zero (FTZ) is enabled when running PairHMM
00:27:51.086 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Available threads: 10
00:27:51.086 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Requested threads: 4
00:27:51.086 INFO  PairHMM - Using the OpenMP multi-threaded AVX-accelerated native PairHMM implementation
00:27:51.128 INFO  ProgressMeter - Starting traversal
00:27:51.136 INFO  ProgressMeter -        Current Locus  Elapsed Minutes     Regions Processed   Regions/Minute
00:27:51.882 WARN  InbreedingCoeff - InbreedingCoeff will not be calculated at position 20_10037292_10066351:3480 and possibly subsequent; at least 10 samples must have called genotypes
00:27:52.969 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - 7 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityAvailableReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappedReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotSecondaryAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotDuplicateReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: PassesVendorQualityCheckReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NonZeroReferenceLengthAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: GoodCigarReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: WellformedReadFilter
7 total reads filtered out of 1867 reads processed
00:27:52.971 INFO  ProgressMeter - 20_10037292_10066351:13499              0.0                    35           1145.7
00:27:52.971 INFO  ProgressMeter - Traversal complete. Processed 35 total regions in 0.0 minutes.
00:27:52.976 INFO  VectorLoglessPairHMM - Time spent in setup for JNI call : 0.003346916
00:27:52.976 INFO  PairHMM - Total compute time in PairHMM computeLogLikelihoods() : 0.045731709
00:27:52.977 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Total compute time in native Smith-Waterman : 0.02 sec
00:27:52.981 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Shutting down engine
[February 8, 2026 at 12:27:52 AM GMT] org.broadinstitute.hellbender.tools.walkers.haplotypecaller.HaplotypeCaller done. Elapsed time: 0.04 minutes.
Runtime.totalMemory()=203423744

A saída de log é muito verbosa, então destacamos as linhas mais relevantes no exemplo acima.

Os arquivos de saída, reads_mother.vcf e seu arquivo de índice, reads_mother.vcf.idx, são criados dentro do seu diretório de trabalho no contêiner.

Conteúdo do diretório 
conda.yml  hsperfdata_root  reads_mother.vcf  reads_mother.vcf.idx

O arquivo VCF contém as chamadas de variantes, como veremos em um minuto, e o arquivo de índice tem a mesma função que o arquivo de índice BAM, permitir que ferramentas busquem e recuperem subconjuntos de dados sem carregar o arquivo inteiro.

Como VCF é um formato de texto e este é um arquivo de teste pequeno, você pode executar cat reads_mother.vcf para abri-lo e visualizar seu conteúdo. Se você rolar de volta até o início do arquivo, encontrará um cabeçalho composto de muitas linhas de metadados, seguido por uma lista de chamadas de variantes, uma por linha.

Conteúdo do arquivo (resumido)
reads_mother.vcf
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##fileformat=VCFv4.2
##FILTER=<ID=LowQual,Description="Low quality">
##FORMAT=<ID=AD,Number=R,Type=Integer,Description="Allelic depths for the ref and alt alleles in the order listed">
##FORMAT=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Approximate read depth (reads with MQ=255 or with bad mates are filtered)">
##FORMAT=<ID=GQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Genotype Quality">
##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">
##FORMAT=<ID=PL,Number=G,Type=Integer,Description="Normalized, Phred-scaled likelihoods for genotypes as defined in the VCF specification">
##GATKCommandLine=<ID=HaplotypeCaller,CommandLine="HaplotypeCaller --output reads_mother.vcf --intervals /data/ref/intervals.bed --input /data/bam/reads_mother.bam --reference /data/ref/ref.fasta [abridged]",Version="4.5.0.0",Date="February 11, 2026 at 4:23:43 PM GMT">
##INFO=<ID=AC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Allele count in genotypes, for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=AF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Allele Frequency, for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=AN,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Total number of alleles in called genotypes">
##INFO=<ID=BaseQRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score from Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt Vs. Ref base qualities">
##INFO=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Approximate read depth; some reads may have been filtered">
##INFO=<ID=ExcessHet,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Phred-scaled p-value for exact test of excess heterozygosity">
##INFO=<ID=FS,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Phred-scaled p-value using Fisher's exact test to detect strand bias">
##INFO=<ID=InbreedingCoeff,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Inbreeding coefficient as estimated from the genotype likelihoods per-sample when compared against the Hardy-Weinberg expectation">
##INFO=<ID=MLEAC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Maximum likelihood expectation (MLE) for the allele counts (not necessarily the same as the AC), for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=MLEAF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Maximum likelihood expectation (MLE) for the allele frequency (not necessarily the same as the AF), for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=MQ,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="RMS Mapping Quality">
##INFO=<ID=MQRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score From Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt vs. Ref read mapping qualities">
##INFO=<ID=QD,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Variant Confidence/Quality by Depth">
##INFO=<ID=ReadPosRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score from Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt vs. Ref read position bias">
##INFO=<ID=SOR,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Symmetric Odds Ratio of 2x2 contingency table to detect strand bias">
##contig=<ID=20_10037292_10066351,length=29059>
##source=HaplotypeCaller
#CHROM  POS     ID      REF     ALT     QUAL    FILTER  INFO    FORMAT  reads_mother
20_10037292_10066351    3480    .       C       CT      503.03  .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=23;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=27.95;SOR=1.179     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,18:18:54:517,54,0
20_10037292_10066351    3520    .       AT      A       609.03  .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=18;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=33.83;SOR=0.693     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,18:18:54:623,54,0
20_10037292_10066351    3529    .       T       A       155.64  .       AC=1;AF=0.500;AN=2;BaseQRankSum=-0.544;DP=21;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=1.871;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.500;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.000;QD=7.78;ReadPosRankSum=-1.158;SOR=1.034       GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:12,8:20:99:163,0,328
20_10037292_10066351    4012    .       C       T       1398.06 .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=44;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=32.51;SOR=0.739     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,43:43:99:1412,129,0
20_10037292_10066351    4409    .       A       ATATG   710.03  .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=31;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=30.87;SOR=0.784     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,23:23:69:724,69,0
20_10037292_10066351    5027    .       C       T       784.06  .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=27;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=30.16;SOR=0.693     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,26:26:77:798,77,0
20_10037292_10066351    5469    .       A       G       1297.06 .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=42;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=30.88;SOR=1.005     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,42:42:99:1311,126,0
20_10037292_10066351    7557    .       A       G       935.06  .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=36;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=27.50;SOR=0.693     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,34:34:99:949,100,0
20_10037292_10066351    7786    .       G       T       1043.06 .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=35;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=30.68;SOR=0.941     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,34:34:99:1057,102,0
20_10037292_10066351    8350    .       G       C       1162.06 .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=39;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=29.80;SOR=1.096     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,39:39:99:1176,115,0
20_10037292_10066351    8886    .       AAGAAAGAAAG     A       1268.03 .       AC=2;AF=1.00;AN=2;DP=34;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=25.36;SOR=1.071     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,29:29:88:1282,88,0
20_10037292_10066351    13536   .       T       C       437.64  .       AC=1;AF=0.500;AN=2;BaseQRankSum=1.454;DP=45;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.500;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.000;QD=9.95;ReadPosRankSum=-1.613;SOR=0.818        GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:26,18:44:99:445,0,672
20_10037292_10066351    14156   .       T       C       183.64  .       AC=1;AF=0.500;AN=2;BaseQRankSum=0.703;DP=20;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=1.871;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.500;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.000;QD=9.18;ReadPosRankSum=-0.193;SOR=1.034        GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:12,8:20:99:191,0,319

No exemplo de saída acima, destacamos a última linha do cabeçalho, que fornece os nomes das colunas para os dados tabulares que seguem. Cada linha de dados descreve uma possível variante identificada nos dados de sequenciamento da amostra. Para orientação sobre como interpretar o formato VCF, veja este artigo útil.

1.2.4. Mover os arquivos de saída

Qualquer coisa que permaneça dentro do contêiner ficará inacessível para trabalhos futuros. O arquivo de índice BAM foi criado diretamente no diretório /data/bam no sistema de arquivos montado, mas não o arquivo VCF e seu índice, então precisamos mover esses dois manualmente.

mkdir /data/vcf
mv reads_mother.vcf* /data/vcf
Conteúdo do diretório 
data/
├── bam
│   ├── reads_father.bam
│   ├── reads_mother.bam
│   ├── reads_mother.bam.bai
│   └── reads_son.bam
├── ref
│   ├── intervals.bed
│   ├── ref.dict
│   ├── ref.fasta
│   └── ref.fasta.fai
├── samplesheet.csv
└── vcf
    ├── reads_mother.vcf
    └── reads_mother.vcf.idx

Uma vez feito isso, todos os arquivos estão agora acessíveis no seu sistema de arquivos normal.

1.2.5. Sair do contêiner GATK

Para sair do contêiner, digite exit.

exit

Seu prompt deve voltar ao normal. Isso conclui o teste de chamada de variantes por amostra.

Escreva como um fluxo de trabalho!

Sinta-se à vontade para seguir direto para a Parte 2 se quiser começar a implementar esta análise como um fluxo de trabalho Nextflow. Você só precisará voltar para completar a segunda rodada de testes antes de seguir para a Parte 3.

2. Chamada conjunta em uma coorte

A abordagem de chamada de variantes que acabamos de usar gera chamadas de variantes por amostra. Isso é bom para olhar variantes de cada amostra isoladamente, mas produz informações limitadas. Muitas vezes é mais interessante olhar como as chamadas de variantes diferem entre múltiplas amostras. O GATK oferece um método alternativo chamado chamada conjunta de variantes para este propósito.

A chamada conjunta de variantes envolve gerar um tipo especial de saída de variante chamado GVCF (para Genomic VCF) para cada amostra, depois combinar os dados GVCF de todas as amostras e executar uma análise estatística de 'genotipagem conjunta'.

Análise conjunta

O que é especial sobre o GVCF de uma amostra é que ele contém registros resumindo estatísticas de dados de sequência sobre todas as posições na área alvo do genoma, não apenas as posições onde o programa encontrou evidência de variação. Isso é crítico para o cálculo de genotipagem conjunta (leitura adicional).

O GVCF é produzido pelo GATK HaplotypeCaller, a mesma ferramenta que acabamos de testar, com um parâmetro adicional (-ERC GVCF). Combinar os GVCFs é feito com GATK GenomicsDBImport, que combina as chamadas por amostra em um armazenamento de dados (análogo a um banco de dados). A análise de 'genotipagem conjunta' propriamente dita é então feita com GATK GenotypeGVCFs.

Aqui testamos os comandos necessários para gerar GVCFs e executar genotipagem conjunta. Estes são os comandos que vamos encapsular em um fluxo de trabalho Nextflow na Parte 3 deste curso.

  1. Gerar um arquivo de índice para cada arquivo de entrada BAM usando Samtools
  2. Executar o GATK HaplotypeCaller em cada arquivo de entrada BAM para gerar um GVCF de chamadas de variantes genômicas por amostra
  3. Coletar todos os GVCFs e combiná-los em um armazenamento de dados GenomicsDB
  4. Executar genotipagem conjunta no armazenamento de dados GVCF combinado para produzir um VCF em nível de coorte
BAMSamtools indexBAM indexIntervalsReference+ index & dictGATK HaplotypeCallerGVCF + indexx multiple samplesGVCF + indexGVCF + indexGVCF + indexGenomicsDBvariant storeGATK GenomicsDBImportGATK GenotypeGVCFsJoint-calledVCFGVCF mode

Agora precisamos testar todos esses comandos, começando com a indexação de todos os três arquivos BAM.

2.1. Indexar arquivos BAM para todas as três amostras

Na primeira seção acima, indexamos apenas um arquivo BAM. Agora precisamos indexar todas as três amostras para que o GATK HaplotypeCaller possa processá-las.

2.1.1. Iniciar o contêiner Samtools interativamente

Já baixamos a imagem do contêiner Samtools, então podemos iniciá-lo diretamente:

docker run -it -v ./data:/data community.wave.seqera.io/library/samtools:1.20--b5dfbd93de237464

Seu prompt muda para indicar que você está dentro do contêiner, com o diretório de dados montado como antes.

2.1.2. Executar o comando de indexação em todas as três amostras

Execute o comando de indexação em cada um dos três arquivos BAM:

samtools index /data/bam/reads_mother.bam
samtools index /data/bam/reads_father.bam
samtools index /data/bam/reads_son.bam
Conteúdo do diretório 
data/bam/
├── reads_father.bam
├── reads_father.bam.bai
├── reads_mother.bam
├── reads_mother.bam.bai
├── reads_son.bam
└── reads_son.bam.bai

Isso deve produzir os arquivos de índice no mesmo diretório que os arquivos BAM correspondentes.

2.1.3. Sair do contêiner Samtools

Para sair do contêiner, digite exit.

exit

Seu prompt deve estar de volta ao normal.

2.2. Gerar GVCFs para todas as três amostras

Para executar a etapa de genotipagem conjunta, precisamos de GVCFs para todas as três amostras.

2.2.1. Iniciar o contêiner GATK interativamente

Já baixamos a imagem do contêiner GATK anteriormente, então podemos iniciá-lo diretamente:

docker run -it -v ./data:/data community.wave.seqera.io/library/gatk4:4.5.0.0--730ee8817e436867

Seu prompt muda para indicar que você está dentro do contêiner GATK.

2.2.2. Executar o comando de chamada de variantes com a opção GVCF

Para produzir um VCF genômico (GVCF), adicionamos a opção -ERC GVCF ao comando base, que ativa o modo GVCF do HaplotypeCaller.

Também mudamos a extensão do arquivo de saída de .vcf para .g.vcf. Tecnicamente isso não é um requisito, mas é uma convenção fortemente recomendada.

gatk HaplotypeCaller \
        -R /data/ref/ref.fasta \
        -I /data/bam/reads_mother.bam \
        -O reads_mother.g.vcf \
        -L /data/ref/intervals.bed \
        -ERC GVCF
Saída do comando 
Using GATK jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar
Running:
    java -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_read_samtools=false -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_samtools=true -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_tribble=false -Dsamjdk.compression_level=2 -jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar HaplotypeCaller -R /data/ref/ref.fasta -I /data/bam/reads_mother.bam -O reads_mother.g.vcf -L /data/ref/intervals.bed -ERC GVCF
16:51:00.620 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_compression.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_compression.so
16:51:00.749 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
16:51:00.751 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v4.5.0.0
16:51:00.751 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - For support and documentation go to https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
16:51:00.751 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Executing as root@be1a0302f6c7 on Linux v6.8.0-1030-azure amd64
16:51:00.751 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Java runtime: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM v17.0.11-internal+0-adhoc..src
16:51:00.752 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Start Date/Time: February 11, 2026 at 4:51:00 PM GMT
16:51:00.752 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
16:51:00.752 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
16:51:00.752 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Version: 4.1.0
16:51:00.753 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Picard Version: 3.1.1
16:51:00.753 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Built for Spark Version: 3.5.0
16:51:00.753 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.COMPRESSION_LEVEL : 2
16:51:00.753 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_READ_FOR_SAMTOOLS : false
16:51:00.753 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_SAMTOOLS : true
16:51:00.754 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_TRIBBLE : false
16:51:00.754 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Deflater: IntelDeflater
16:51:00.754 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Inflater: IntelInflater
16:51:00.754 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - GCS max retries/reopens: 20
16:51:00.754 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Requester pays: disabled
16:51:00.755 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Initializing engine
16:51:00.893 INFO  FeatureManager - Using codec BEDCodec to read file file:///data/ref/intervals.bed
16:51:00.905 INFO  IntervalArgumentCollection - Processing 6369 bp from intervals
16:51:00.910 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Done initializing engine
16:51:00.912 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Tool is in reference confidence mode and the annotation, the following changes will be made to any specified annotations: 'StrandBiasBySample' will be enabled. 'ChromosomeCounts', 'FisherStrand', 'StrandOddsRatio' and 'QualByDepth' annotations have been disabled
16:51:00.917 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_utils.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_utils.so
16:51:00.919 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_smithwaterman.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_smithwaterman.so
16:51:00.919 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Using AVX accelerated SmithWaterman implementation
16:51:00.923 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Standard Emitting and Calling confidence set to -0.0 for reference-model confidence output
16:51:00.923 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - All sites annotated with PLs forced to true for reference-model confidence output
16:51:00.933 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so
16:51:00.945 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Flush-to-zero (FTZ) is enabled when running PairHMM
16:51:00.945 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Available threads: 4
16:51:00.945 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Requested threads: 4
16:51:00.945 INFO  PairHMM - Using the OpenMP multi-threaded AVX-accelerated native PairHMM implementation
16:51:00.984 INFO  ProgressMeter - Starting traversal
16:51:00.985 INFO  ProgressMeter -        Current Locus  Elapsed Minutes     Regions Processed   Regions/Minute
16:51:01.452 WARN  InbreedingCoeff - InbreedingCoeff will not be calculated at position 20_10037292_10066351:3480 and possibly subsequent; at least 10 samples must have called genotypes
16:51:02.358 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - 7 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityAvailableReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappedReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotSecondaryAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotDuplicateReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: PassesVendorQualityCheckReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NonZeroReferenceLengthAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: GoodCigarReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: WellformedReadFilter
7 total reads filtered out of 1867 reads processed
16:51:02.359 INFO  ProgressMeter - 20_10037292_10066351:13499              0.0                    35           1529.5
16:51:02.359 INFO  ProgressMeter - Traversal complete. Processed 35 total regions in 0.0 minutes.
16:51:02.361 INFO  VectorLoglessPairHMM - Time spent in setup for JNI call : 0.0022800000000000003
16:51:02.361 INFO  PairHMM - Total compute time in PairHMM computeLogLikelihoods() : 0.061637120000000004
16:51:02.361 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Total compute time in native Smith-Waterman : 0.02 sec
16:51:02.362 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Shutting down engine
[February 11, 2026 at 4:51:02 PM GMT] org.broadinstitute.hellbender.tools.walkers.haplotypecaller.HaplotypeCaller done. Elapsed time: 0.03 minutes.
Runtime.totalMemory()=257949696

Isso cria o arquivo de saída GVCF reads_mother.g.vcf no diretório de trabalho atual no contêiner, assim como seu arquivo de índice, reads_mother.g.vcf.idx.

Conteúdo do diretório 
conda.yml  hsperfdata_root  reads_mother.g.vcf  reads_mother.g.vcf.idx

Se você executar head -200 reads_mother.g.vcf para visualizar as primeiras 200 linhas do conteúdo do arquivo, verá que é muito mais longo que o VCF equivalente que geramos na primeira seção, e a maioria das linhas parece bem diferente do que vimos no VCF.

Conteúdo do arquivo (resumido)
reads_mother.g.vcf
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##fileformat=VCFv4.2
##ALT=<ID=NON_REF,Description="Represents any possible alternative allele not already represented at this location by REF and ALT">
##FILTER=<ID=LowQual,Description="Low quality">
##FORMAT=<ID=AD,Number=R,Type=Integer,Description="Allelic depths for the ref and alt alleles in the order listed">
##FORMAT=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Approximate read depth (reads with MQ=255 or with bad mates are filtered)">
##FORMAT=<ID=GQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Genotype Quality">
##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">
##FORMAT=<ID=MIN_DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Minimum DP observed within the GVCF block">
##FORMAT=<ID=PGT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Physical phasing haplotype information, describing how the alternate alleles are phased in relation to one another; will always be heterozygous and is not intended to describe called alleles">
##FORMAT=<ID=PID,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Physical phasing ID information, where each unique ID within a given sample (but not across samples) connects records within a phasing group">
##FORMAT=<ID=PL,Number=G,Type=Integer,Description="Normalized, Phred-scaled likelihoods for genotypes as defined in the VCF specification">
##FORMAT=<ID=PS,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Phasing set (typically the position of the first variant in the set)">
##FORMAT=<ID=SB,Number=4,Type=Integer,Description="Per-sample component statistics which comprise the Fisher's Exact Test to detect strand bias.">
##GATKCommandLine=<ID=HaplotypeCaller,CommandLine="HaplotypeCaller --emit-ref-confidence GVCF --output reads_mother.g.vcf --intervals /data/ref/intervals.bed --input /data/bam/reads_mother.bam --reference /data/ref/ref.fasta [abridged]",Version="4.5.0.0",Date="February 11, 2026 at 4:51:00 PM GMT">
##GVCFBlock0-1=minGQ=0(inclusive),maxGQ=1(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock1-2=minGQ=1(inclusive),maxGQ=2(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock10-11=minGQ=10(inclusive),maxGQ=11(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock11-12=minGQ=11(inclusive),maxGQ=12(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock12-13=minGQ=12(inclusive),maxGQ=13(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock13-14=minGQ=13(inclusive),maxGQ=14(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock14-15=minGQ=14(inclusive),maxGQ=15(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock15-16=minGQ=15(inclusive),maxGQ=16(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock16-17=minGQ=16(inclusive),maxGQ=17(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock17-18=minGQ=17(inclusive),maxGQ=18(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock18-19=minGQ=18(inclusive),maxGQ=19(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock19-20=minGQ=19(inclusive),maxGQ=20(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock2-3=minGQ=2(inclusive),maxGQ=3(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock20-21=minGQ=20(inclusive),maxGQ=21(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock21-22=minGQ=21(inclusive),maxGQ=22(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock22-23=minGQ=22(inclusive),maxGQ=23(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock23-24=minGQ=23(inclusive),maxGQ=24(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock24-25=minGQ=24(inclusive),maxGQ=25(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock25-26=minGQ=25(inclusive),maxGQ=26(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock26-27=minGQ=26(inclusive),maxGQ=27(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock27-28=minGQ=27(inclusive),maxGQ=28(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock28-29=minGQ=28(inclusive),maxGQ=29(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock29-30=minGQ=29(inclusive),maxGQ=30(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock3-4=minGQ=3(inclusive),maxGQ=4(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock30-31=minGQ=30(inclusive),maxGQ=31(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock31-32=minGQ=31(inclusive),maxGQ=32(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock32-33=minGQ=32(inclusive),maxGQ=33(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock33-34=minGQ=33(inclusive),maxGQ=34(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock34-35=minGQ=34(inclusive),maxGQ=35(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock35-36=minGQ=35(inclusive),maxGQ=36(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock36-37=minGQ=36(inclusive),maxGQ=37(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock37-38=minGQ=37(inclusive),maxGQ=38(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock38-39=minGQ=38(inclusive),maxGQ=39(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock39-40=minGQ=39(inclusive),maxGQ=40(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock4-5=minGQ=4(inclusive),maxGQ=5(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock40-41=minGQ=40(inclusive),maxGQ=41(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock41-42=minGQ=41(inclusive),maxGQ=42(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock42-43=minGQ=42(inclusive),maxGQ=43(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock43-44=minGQ=43(inclusive),maxGQ=44(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock44-45=minGQ=44(inclusive),maxGQ=45(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock45-46=minGQ=45(inclusive),maxGQ=46(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock46-47=minGQ=46(inclusive),maxGQ=47(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock47-48=minGQ=47(inclusive),maxGQ=48(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock48-49=minGQ=48(inclusive),maxGQ=49(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock49-50=minGQ=49(inclusive),maxGQ=50(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock5-6=minGQ=5(inclusive),maxGQ=6(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock50-51=minGQ=50(inclusive),maxGQ=51(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock51-52=minGQ=51(inclusive),maxGQ=52(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock52-53=minGQ=52(inclusive),maxGQ=53(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock53-54=minGQ=53(inclusive),maxGQ=54(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock54-55=minGQ=54(inclusive),maxGQ=55(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock55-56=minGQ=55(inclusive),maxGQ=56(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock56-57=minGQ=56(inclusive),maxGQ=57(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock57-58=minGQ=57(inclusive),maxGQ=58(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock58-59=minGQ=58(inclusive),maxGQ=59(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock59-60=minGQ=59(inclusive),maxGQ=60(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock6-7=minGQ=6(inclusive),maxGQ=7(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock60-70=minGQ=60(inclusive),maxGQ=70(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock7-8=minGQ=7(inclusive),maxGQ=8(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock70-80=minGQ=70(inclusive),maxGQ=80(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock8-9=minGQ=8(inclusive),maxGQ=9(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock80-90=minGQ=80(inclusive),maxGQ=90(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock9-10=minGQ=9(inclusive),maxGQ=10(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock90-99=minGQ=90(inclusive),maxGQ=99(exclusive)
##GVCFBlock99-100=minGQ=99(inclusive),maxGQ=100(exclusive)
##INFO=<ID=BaseQRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score from Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt Vs. Ref base qualities">
##INFO=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Approximate read depth; some reads may have been filtered">
##INFO=<ID=END,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Stop position of the interval">
##INFO=<ID=ExcessHet,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Phred-scaled p-value for exact test of excess heterozygosity">
##INFO=<ID=InbreedingCoeff,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Inbreeding coefficient as estimated from the genotype likelihoods per-sample when compared against the Hardy-Weinberg expectation">
##INFO=<ID=MLEAC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Maximum likelihood expectation (MLE) for the allele counts (not necessarily the same as the AC), for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=MLEAF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Maximum likelihood expectation (MLE) for the allele frequency (not necessarily the same as the AF), for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=MQRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score From Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt vs. Ref read mapping qualities">
##INFO=<ID=RAW_MQandDP,Number=2,Type=Integer,Description="Raw data (sum of squared MQ and total depth) for improved RMS Mapping Quality calculation. Incompatible with deprecated RAW_MQ formulation.">
##INFO=<ID=ReadPosRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score from Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt vs. Ref read position bias">
##contig=<ID=20_10037292_10066351,length=29059>
##source=HaplotypeCaller
#CHROM	POS	ID	REF	ALT	QUAL	FILTER	INFO	FORMAT	reads_mother
20_10037292_10066351	3277	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3278	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:38:99:37:0,102,1530
20_10037292_10066351	3279	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3279	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:37:81:37:0,81,1084
20_10037292_10066351	3280	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3281	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:37:99:37:0,99,1485
20_10037292_10066351	3282	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3282	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:36:96:36:0,96,1440
20_10037292_10066351	3283	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3283	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:35:87:35:0,87,1305
20_10037292_10066351	3284	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3284	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:37:90:37:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3285	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3293	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:35:81:31:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3294	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3302	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:90:30:0,90,970
20_10037292_10066351	3303	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3304	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:72:32:0,72,963
20_10037292_10066351	3305	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3309	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:34:99:33:0,99,1053
20_10037292_10066351	3310	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3319	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:35:90:35:0,90,1086
20_10037292_10066351	3320	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3320	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:68:33:0,68,959
20_10037292_10066351	3321	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3322	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:84:32:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3323	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3323	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:79:32:0,79,953
20_10037292_10066351	3324	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3325	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:81:32:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3326	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3326	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:60:31:0,60,873
20_10037292_10066351	3327	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3328	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:78:30:0,78,1170
20_10037292_10066351	3329	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3329	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:81:31:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3330	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3330	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:76:31:0,76,949
20_10037292_10066351	3331	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3332	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:81:29:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3333	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3335	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:72:30:0,72,892
20_10037292_10066351	3336	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3337	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:84:30:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3338	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3338	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:59:30:0,59,851
20_10037292_10066351	3339	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3339	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:84:30:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3340	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3340	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:77:30:0,77,888
20_10037292_10066351	3341	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3343	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:84:28:0,84,910
20_10037292_10066351	3344	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3344	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:73:29:0,73,832
20_10037292_10066351	3345	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3348	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:87:29:0,87,891
20_10037292_10066351	3349	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3349	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:72:29:0,72,904
20_10037292_10066351	3350	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3350	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:87:29:0,87,910
20_10037292_10066351	3351	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3352	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:90:30:0,90,975
20_10037292_10066351	3353	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3354	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:72:30:0,72,846
20_10037292_10066351	3355	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3355	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:93:31:0,93,978
20_10037292_10066351	3356	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3357	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:67:31:0,67,916
20_10037292_10066351	3358	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3363	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:90:31:0,90,1017
20_10037292_10066351	3364	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3364	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:82:32:0,82,947
20_10037292_10066351	3365	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3365	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:32:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3366	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3366	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:79:32:0,79,963
20_10037292_10066351	3367	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3369	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:31:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3370	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3370	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:46:32:0,46,903
20_10037292_10066351	3371	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3371	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:32:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3372	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3372	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:80:32:0,80,905
20_10037292_10066351	3373	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3374	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:32:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3375	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3375	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:76:31:0,76,922
20_10037292_10066351	3376	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3376	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:93:33:0,93,1395
20_10037292_10066351	3377	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3381	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:84:31:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3382	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3385	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:90:33:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3386	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3387	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:34:84:33:0,84,964
20_10037292_10066351	3388	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3397	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:31:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3398	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3398	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:75:31:0,75,920
20_10037292_10066351	3399	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3399	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:87:31:0,87,1305
20_10037292_10066351	3400	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3400	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:32:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3401	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3402	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:87:31:0,87,1305
20_10037292_10066351	3403	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3403	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:32:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3404	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3405	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:80:32:0,80,944
20_10037292_10066351	3406	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3407	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:72:30:0,72,859
20_10037292_10066351	3408	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3408	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:62:32:0,62,890
20_10037292_10066351	3409	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3418	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:81:30:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3419	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3419	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:74:29:0,74,827
20_10037292_10066351	3420	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3421	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:84:29:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3422	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3430	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:75:28:0,75,1125
20_10037292_10066351	3431	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3439	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:28:81:28:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3440	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3440	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:28:70:28:0,70,782
20_10037292_10066351	3441	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3442	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:28:81:28:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3443	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3443	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:28:78:28:0,78,1170
20_10037292_10066351	3444	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3445	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:28:64:28:0,64,722
20_10037292_10066351	3446	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3446	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:28:78:28:0,78,1170
20_10037292_10066351	3447	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3447	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:53:29:0,53,694
20_10037292_10066351	3448	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3449	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:76:30:0,76,827
20_10037292_10066351	3450	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3450	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:87:31:0,87,1305
20_10037292_10066351	3451	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3452	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:74:31:0,74,715
20_10037292_10066351	3453	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3455	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:84:31:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3456	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3456	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:23:31:0,23,766
20_10037292_10066351	3457	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3460	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:90:31:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3461	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3461	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:30:89:30:0,89,873
20_10037292_10066351	3462	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3462	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:90:31:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3463	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3463	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:44:31:0,44,739
20_10037292_10066351	3464	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3468	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:90:32:0,90,1350
20_10037292_10066351	3469	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3469	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:79:32:0,79,816
20_10037292_10066351	3470	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3470	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:31:84:31:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351	3471	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3478	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:32:75:32:0,75,1125
20_10037292_10066351	3479	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3479	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:34:36:34:0,36,906
20_10037292_10066351	3480	.	C	CT,<NON_REF>	503.03	.	DP=23;ExcessHet=0.0000;MLEAC=2,0;MLEAF=1.00,0.00;RAW_MQandDP=82800,23	GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL:SB	1/1:0,18,0:18:54:517,54,0,517,54,517:0,0,7,11
20_10037292_10066351	3481	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3481	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:21:51:21:0,51,765
20_10037292_10066351	3482	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3482	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:21:54:21:0,54,810
20_10037292_10066351	3483	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3487	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:20:51:19:0,51,765
20_10037292_10066351	3488	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3488	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:19:42:19:0,42,571
20_10037292_10066351	3489	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3489	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:17:51:17:0,51,521
20_10037292_10066351	3490	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3490	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:17:35:17:0,35,431
20_10037292_10066351	3491	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3495	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:17:48:17:0,48,720
20_10037292_10066351	3496	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3498	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:17:51:17:0,51,473
20_10037292_10066351	3499	.	C	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3499	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:16:48:16:0,48,428
20_10037292_10066351	3500	.	G	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3500	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:16:31:16:0,31,379
20_10037292_10066351	3501	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3501	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:17:48:17:0,48,720
20_10037292_10066351	3502	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3503	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:19:54:18:0,54,550
20_10037292_10066351	3504	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3504	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:19:48:19:0,48,720
20_10037292_10066351	3505	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3506	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:20:51:20:0,51,765
20_10037292_10066351	3507	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3519	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:19:54:18:0,54,501
20_10037292_10066351	3520	.	AT	A,<NON_REF>	609.03	.	DP=18;ExcessHet=0.0000;MLEAC=2,0;MLEAF=1.00,0.00;RAW_MQandDP=64800,18	GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL:SB	1/1:0,18,0:18:54:623,54,0,623,54,623:0,0,9,9
20_10037292_10066351	3522	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3525	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:18:54:18:0,54,550
20_10037292_10066351	3526	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3527	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:19:57:19:0,57,607
20_10037292_10066351	3528	.	T	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3528	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:19:54:19:0,54,810
20_10037292_10066351	3529	.	T	A,<NON_REF>	155.64	.	BaseQRankSum=-0.544;DP=21;ExcessHet=0.0000;MLEAC=1,0;MLEAF=0.500,0.00;MQRankSum=0.000;RAW_MQandDP=75600,21;ReadPosRankSum=-1.158	GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL:SB	0/1:12,8,0:20:99:163,0,328,199,352,551:5,7,5,3
20_10037292_10066351	3530	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3530	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:64:33:0,64,941
20_10037292_10066351	3531	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3533	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:81:33:0,81,1215
20_10037292_10066351	3534	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3534	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:78:33:0,78,1170
20_10037292_10066351	3535	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3536	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:33:68:33:0,68,891
20_10037292_10066351	3537	.	A	<NON_REF>	.	.	END=3546	GT:DP:GQ:MIN_DP:PL	0/0:29:72:26:0,72,1080

Destacamos mais uma vez a última linha do cabeçalho, assim como as três primeiras chamadas de variantes 'propriamente ditas' no arquivo.

Você notará que as linhas de chamada de variantes estão intercaladas com muitas linhas não-variantes, que representam regiões não-variantes onde o chamador de variantes não encontrou evidência de variação. Como mencionado brevemente acima, isso é o que é especial sobre o modo GVCF de chamada de variantes: o chamador de variantes captura algumas estatísticas descrevendo seu nível de confiança na ausência de variação. Isso torna possível distinguir entre dois casos muito diferentes: (1) há dados de boa qualidade mostrando que a amostra é homozigota-referência, e (2) não há dados bons suficientes disponíveis para fazer uma determinação de qualquer forma.

Em um GVCF como este, normalmente há muitas dessas linhas não-variantes, com um número menor de registros de variantes espalhados entre elas.

2.2.3. Repetir o processo nas outras duas amostras

Agora vamos gerar GVCFs para as duas amostras restantes executando os comandos abaixo, um após o outro.

gatk HaplotypeCaller \
        -R /data/ref/ref.fasta \
        -I /data/bam/reads_father.bam \
        -O reads_father.g.vcf \
        -L /data/ref/intervals.bed \
        -ERC GVCF
Saída do comando 
Using GATK jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar
Running:
    java -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_read_samtools=false -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_samtools=true -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_tribble=false -Dsamjdk.compression_level=2 -jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar HaplotypeCaller -R /data/ref/ref.fasta -I /data/bam/reads_father.bam -O reads_father.g.vcf -L /data/ref/intervals.bed -ERC GVCF
17:28:30.677 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_compression.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_compression.so
17:28:30.801 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:28:30.803 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v4.5.0.0
17:28:30.804 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - For support and documentation go to https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
17:28:30.804 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Executing as root@be1a0302f6c7 on Linux v6.8.0-1030-azure amd64
17:28:30.804 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Java runtime: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM v17.0.11-internal+0-adhoc..src
17:28:30.804 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Start Date/Time: February 11, 2026 at 5:28:30 PM GMT
17:28:30.804 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:28:30.804 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:28:30.805 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Version: 4.1.0
17:28:30.805 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Picard Version: 3.1.1
17:28:30.805 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Built for Spark Version: 3.5.0
17:28:30.806 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.COMPRESSION_LEVEL : 2
17:28:30.806 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_READ_FOR_SAMTOOLS : false
17:28:30.806 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_SAMTOOLS : true
17:28:30.806 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_TRIBBLE : false
17:28:30.806 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Deflater: IntelDeflater
17:28:30.807 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Inflater: IntelInflater
17:28:30.807 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - GCS max retries/reopens: 20
17:28:30.807 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Requester pays: disabled
17:28:30.807 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Initializing engine
17:28:30.933 INFO  FeatureManager - Using codec BEDCodec to read file file:///data/ref/intervals.bed
17:28:30.946 INFO  IntervalArgumentCollection - Processing 6369 bp from intervals
17:28:30.951 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Done initializing engine
17:28:30.953 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Tool is in reference confidence mode and the annotation, the following changes will be made to any specified annotations: 'StrandBiasBySample' will be enabled. 'ChromosomeCounts', 'FisherStrand', 'StrandOddsRatio' and 'QualByDepth' annotations have been disabled
17:28:30.957 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_utils.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_utils.so
17:28:30.959 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_smithwaterman.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_smithwaterman.so
17:28:30.960 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Using AVX accelerated SmithWaterman implementation
17:28:30.963 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Standard Emitting and Calling confidence set to -0.0 for reference-model confidence output
17:28:30.963 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - All sites annotated with PLs forced to true for reference-model confidence output
17:28:30.972 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so
17:28:30.987 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Flush-to-zero (FTZ) is enabled when running PairHMM
17:28:30.987 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Available threads: 4
17:28:30.987 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Requested threads: 4
17:28:30.987 INFO  PairHMM - Using the OpenMP multi-threaded AVX-accelerated native PairHMM implementation
17:28:31.034 INFO  ProgressMeter - Starting traversal
17:28:31.034 INFO  ProgressMeter -        Current Locus  Elapsed Minutes     Regions Processed   Regions/Minute
17:28:31.570 WARN  InbreedingCoeff - InbreedingCoeff will not be calculated at position 20_10037292_10066351:3480 and possibly subsequent; at least 10 samples must have called genotypes
17:28:32.865 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - 9 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityAvailableReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappedReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotSecondaryAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotDuplicateReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: PassesVendorQualityCheckReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NonZeroReferenceLengthAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: GoodCigarReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: WellformedReadFilter
9 total reads filtered out of 2064 reads processed
17:28:32.866 INFO  ProgressMeter - 20_10037292_10066351:13338              0.0                    38           1245.2
17:28:32.866 INFO  ProgressMeter - Traversal complete. Processed 38 total regions in 0.0 minutes.
17:28:32.868 INFO  VectorLoglessPairHMM - Time spent in setup for JNI call : 0.0035923200000000004
17:28:32.868 INFO  PairHMM - Total compute time in PairHMM computeLogLikelihoods() : 0.10765202500000001
17:28:32.868 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Total compute time in native Smith-Waterman : 0.03 sec
17:28:32.869 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Shutting down engine
[February 11, 2026 at 5:28:32 PM GMT] org.broadinstitute.hellbender.tools.walkers.haplotypecaller.HaplotypeCaller done. Elapsed time: 0.04 minutes.
Runtime.totalMemory()=299892736

gatk HaplotypeCaller \
        -R /data/ref/ref.fasta \
        -I /data/bam/reads_son.bam \
        -O reads_son.g.vcf \
        -L /data/ref/intervals.bed \
        -ERC GVCF
Saída do comando 
Using GATK jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar
Running:
    java -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_read_samtools=false -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_samtools=true -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_tribble=false -Dsamjdk.compression_level=2 -jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar HaplotypeCaller -R /data/ref/ref.fasta -I /data/bam/reads_son.bam -O reads_son.g.vcf -L /data/ref/intervals.bed -ERC GVCF
17:30:10.017 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_compression.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_compression.so
17:30:10.156 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:30:10.159 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v4.5.0.0
17:30:10.159 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - For support and documentation go to https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
17:30:10.159 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Executing as root@be1a0302f6c7 on Linux v6.8.0-1030-azure amd64
17:30:10.159 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Java runtime: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM v17.0.11-internal+0-adhoc..src
17:30:10.159 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Start Date/Time: February 11, 2026 at 5:30:09 PM GMT
17:30:10.159 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:30:10.160 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:30:10.160 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Version: 4.1.0
17:30:10.160 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Picard Version: 3.1.1
17:30:10.161 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Built for Spark Version: 3.5.0
17:30:10.161 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.COMPRESSION_LEVEL : 2
17:30:10.161 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_READ_FOR_SAMTOOLS : false
17:30:10.161 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_SAMTOOLS : true
17:30:10.161 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_TRIBBLE : false
17:30:10.161 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Deflater: IntelDeflater
17:30:10.162 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Inflater: IntelInflater
17:30:10.162 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - GCS max retries/reopens: 20
17:30:10.162 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Requester pays: disabled
17:30:10.162 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Initializing engine
17:30:10.277 INFO  FeatureManager - Using codec BEDCodec to read file file:///data/ref/intervals.bed
17:30:10.290 INFO  IntervalArgumentCollection - Processing 6369 bp from intervals
17:30:10.296 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Done initializing engine
17:30:10.298 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Tool is in reference confidence mode and the annotation, the following changes will be made to any specified annotations: 'StrandBiasBySample' will be enabled. 'ChromosomeCounts', 'FisherStrand', 'StrandOddsRatio' and 'QualByDepth' annotations have been disabled
17:30:10.302 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_utils.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_utils.so
17:30:10.303 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_smithwaterman.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_smithwaterman.so
17:30:10.304 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Using AVX accelerated SmithWaterman implementation
17:30:10.307 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - Standard Emitting and Calling confidence set to -0.0 for reference-model confidence output
17:30:10.307 INFO  HaplotypeCallerEngine - All sites annotated with PLs forced to true for reference-model confidence output
17:30:10.315 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_pairhmm_omp.so
17:30:10.328 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Flush-to-zero (FTZ) is enabled when running PairHMM
17:30:10.329 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Available threads: 4
17:30:10.329 INFO  IntelPairHmm - Requested threads: 4
17:30:10.329 INFO  PairHMM - Using the OpenMP multi-threaded AVX-accelerated native PairHMM implementation
17:30:10.368 INFO  ProgressMeter - Starting traversal
17:30:10.369 INFO  ProgressMeter -        Current Locus  Elapsed Minutes     Regions Processed   Regions/Minute
17:30:10.875 WARN  InbreedingCoeff - InbreedingCoeff will not be calculated at position 20_10037292_10066351:3480 and possibly subsequent; at least 10 samples must have called genotypes
17:30:11.980 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - 14 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappingQualityAvailableReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: MappedReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotSecondaryAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NotDuplicateReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: PassesVendorQualityCheckReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: NonZeroReferenceLengthAlignmentReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: GoodCigarReadFilter
0 read(s) filtered by: WellformedReadFilter
14 total reads filtered out of 1981 reads processed
17:30:11.981 INFO  ProgressMeter - 20_10037292_10066351:13223              0.0                    35           1302.7
17:30:11.981 INFO  ProgressMeter - Traversal complete. Processed 35 total regions in 0.0 minutes.
17:30:11.983 INFO  VectorLoglessPairHMM - Time spent in setup for JNI call : 0.0034843710000000004
17:30:11.983 INFO  PairHMM - Total compute time in PairHMM computeLogLikelihoods() : 0.048108363
17:30:11.983 INFO  SmithWatermanAligner - Total compute time in native Smith-Waterman : 0.02 sec
17:30:11.984 INFO  HaplotypeCaller - Shutting down engine
[February 11, 2026 at 5:30:11 PM GMT] org.broadinstitute.hellbender.tools.walkers.haplotypecaller.HaplotypeCaller done. Elapsed time: 0.03 minutes.
Runtime.totalMemory()=226492416

Uma vez concluído, você deve ter três arquivos terminando em .g.vcf no seu diretório atual (um por amostra) e seus respectivos arquivos de índice terminando em .g.vcf.idx.

Conteúdo do diretório 
conda.yml        reads_father.g.vcf      reads_mother.g.vcf      reads_son.g.vcf
hsperfdata_root  reads_father.g.vcf.idx  reads_mother.g.vcf.idx  reads_son.g.vcf.idx

Neste ponto, chamamos variantes em modo GVCF para cada uma de nossas amostras de entrada. É hora de seguir para a chamada conjunta.

Mas não saia do contêiner! Vamos usar o mesmo na próxima etapa.

2.3. Executar genotipagem conjunta

Agora que temos todos os GVCFs, podemos experimentar a abordagem de genotipagem conjunta para gerar chamadas de variantes para uma coorte de amostras. É um método de duas etapas que consiste em combinar os dados de todos os GVCFs em um armazenamento de dados, depois executar a análise de genotipagem conjunta propriamente dita para gerar o VCF final de variantes chamadas conjuntamente.

2.3.1. Combinar todos os GVCFs por amostra

Esta primeira etapa usa outra ferramenta GATK, chamada GenomicsDBImport, para combinar os dados de todos os GVCFs em um armazenamento de dados GenomicsDB. O armazenamento de dados GenomicsDB é uma espécie de formato de banco de dados que serve como armazenamento intermediário para as informações de variantes.

gatk GenomicsDBImport \
    -V reads_mother.g.vcf \
    -V reads_father.g.vcf \
    -V reads_son.g.vcf \
    -L /data/ref/intervals.bed \
    --genomicsdb-workspace-path family_trio_gdb
Saída do comando 
Using GATK jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar
Running:
    java -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_read_samtools=false -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_samtools=true -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_tribble=false -Dsamjdk.compression_level=2 -jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar GenomicsDBImport -V reads_mother.g.vcf -V reads_father.g.vcf -V reads_son.g.vcf -L /data/ref/intervals.bed --genomicsdb-workspace-path family_trio_gdb
17:37:07.569 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_compression.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_compression.so
17:37:07.699 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:37:07.702 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v4.5.0.0
17:37:07.702 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - For support and documentation go to https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
17:37:07.703 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Executing as root@be1a0302f6c7 on Linux v6.8.0-1030-azure amd64
17:37:07.703 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Java runtime: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM v17.0.11-internal+0-adhoc..src
17:37:07.704 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Start Date/Time: February 11, 2026 at 5:37:07 PM GMT
17:37:07.704 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:37:07.704 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:37:07.706 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - HTSJDK Version: 4.1.0
17:37:07.706 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Picard Version: 3.1.1
17:37:07.707 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Built for Spark Version: 3.5.0
17:37:07.709 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - HTSJDK Defaults.COMPRESSION_LEVEL : 2
17:37:07.709 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_READ_FOR_SAMTOOLS : false
17:37:07.709 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_SAMTOOLS : true
17:37:07.710 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_TRIBBLE : false
17:37:07.710 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Deflater: IntelDeflater
17:37:07.711 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Inflater: IntelInflater
17:37:07.711 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - GCS max retries/reopens: 20
17:37:07.711 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Requester pays: disabled
17:37:07.712 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Initializing engine
17:37:07.883 INFO  FeatureManager - Using codec BEDCodec to read file file:///data/ref/intervals.bed
17:37:07.886 INFO  IntervalArgumentCollection - Processing 6369 bp from intervals
17:37:07.889 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Done initializing engine
17:37:08.560 INFO  GenomicsDBLibLoader - GenomicsDB native library version : 1.5.1-84e800e
17:37:08.561 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Vid Map JSON file will be written to /tmp/family_trio_gdb/vidmap.json
17:37:08.561 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Callset Map JSON file will be written to /tmp/family_trio_gdb/callset.json
17:37:08.561 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Complete VCF Header will be written to /tmp/family_trio_gdb/vcfheader.vcf
17:37:08.561 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Importing to workspace - /tmp/family_trio_gdb
17:37:08.878 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Importing batch 1 with 3 samples
17:37:09.359 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Importing batch 1 with 3 samples
17:37:09.487 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Importing batch 1 with 3 samples
17:37:09.591 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Done importing batch 1/1
17:37:09.592 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Import completed!
17:37:09.592 INFO  GenomicsDBImport - Shutting down engine
[February 11, 2026 at 5:37:09 PM GMT] org.broadinstitute.hellbender.tools.genomicsdb.GenomicsDBImport done. Elapsed time: 0.03 minutes.
Runtime.totalMemory()=113246208
Tool returned:
true

A saída desta etapa é efetivamente um diretório contendo um conjunto de diretórios ainda mais aninhados contendo os dados de variantes combinados na forma de múltiplos arquivos diferentes. Você pode explorar, mas rapidamente verá que este formato de armazenamento de dados não é destinado a ser lido diretamente por humanos.

Dica

O GATK inclui ferramentas que tornam possível inspecionar e extrair dados de chamada de variantes do armazenamento de dados conforme necessário.

2.3.2. Executar a análise de genotipagem conjunta propriamente dita

Esta segunda etapa usa ainda outra ferramenta GATK, chamada GenotypeGVCFs, para recalcular estatísticas de variantes e genótipos individuais à luz dos dados disponíveis em todas as amostras da coorte.

gatk GenotypeGVCFs \
    -R /data/ref/ref.fasta \
    -V gendb://family_trio_gdb \
    -O family_trio.vcf
Saída do comando 
Using GATK jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar
Running:
    java -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_read_samtools=false -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_samtools=true -Dsamjdk.use_async_io_write_tribble=false -Dsamjdk.compression_level=2 -jar /opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar GenotypeGVCFs -R /data/ref/ref.fasta -V gendb://family_trio_gdb -O family_trio.vcf
17:38:45.084 INFO  NativeLibraryLoader - Loading libgkl_compression.so from jar:file:/opt/conda/share/gatk4-4.5.0.0-0/gatk-package-4.5.0.0-local.jar!/com/intel/gkl/native/libgkl_compression.so
17:38:45.217 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:38:45.220 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v4.5.0.0
17:38:45.220 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - For support and documentation go to https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
17:38:45.220 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Executing as root@be1a0302f6c7 on Linux v6.8.0-1030-azure amd64
17:38:45.220 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Java runtime: OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM v17.0.11-internal+0-adhoc..src
17:38:45.221 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Start Date/Time: February 11, 2026 at 5:38:45 PM GMT
17:38:45.221 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:38:45.221 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - ------------------------------------------------------------
17:38:45.221 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - HTSJDK Version: 4.1.0
17:38:45.222 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Picard Version: 3.1.1
17:38:45.222 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Built for Spark Version: 3.5.0
17:38:45.222 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - HTSJDK Defaults.COMPRESSION_LEVEL : 2
17:38:45.222 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_READ_FOR_SAMTOOLS : false
17:38:45.222 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_SAMTOOLS : true
17:38:45.222 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - HTSJDK Defaults.USE_ASYNC_IO_WRITE_FOR_TRIBBLE : false
17:38:45.223 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Deflater: IntelDeflater
17:38:45.223 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Inflater: IntelInflater
17:38:45.223 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - GCS max retries/reopens: 20
17:38:45.223 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Requester pays: disabled
17:38:45.223 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Initializing engine
17:38:45.544 INFO  GenomicsDBLibLoader - GenomicsDB native library version : 1.5.1-84e800e
17:38:45.561 INFO  NativeGenomicsDB - pid=221 tid=222 No valid combination operation found for INFO field InbreedingCoeff  - the field will NOT be part of INFO fields in the generated VCF records
17:38:45.561 INFO  NativeGenomicsDB - pid=221 tid=222 No valid combination operation found for INFO field MLEAC  - the field will NOT be part of INFO fields in the generated VCF records
17:38:45.561 INFO  NativeGenomicsDB - pid=221 tid=222 No valid combination operation found for INFO field MLEAF  - the field will NOT be part of INFO fields in the generated VCF records
17:38:45.577 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Done initializing engine
17:38:45.615 INFO  ProgressMeter - Starting traversal
17:38:45.615 INFO  ProgressMeter -        Current Locus  Elapsed Minutes    Variants Processed  Variants/Minute
17:38:45.903 WARN  InbreedingCoeff - InbreedingCoeff will not be calculated at position 20_10037292_10066351:3480 and possibly subsequent; at least 10 samples must have called genotypes
GENOMICSDB_TIMER,GenomicsDB iterator next() timer,Wall-clock time(s),0.07757032800000006,Cpu time(s),0.07253379200000037
17:38:46.421 INFO  ProgressMeter - 20_10037292_10066351:13953              0.0                  3390         252357.3
17:38:46.422 INFO  ProgressMeter - Traversal complete. Processed 3390 total variants in 0.0 minutes.
17:38:46.423 INFO  GenotypeGVCFs - Shutting down engine
[February 11, 2026 at 5:38:46 PM GMT] org.broadinstitute.hellbender.tools.walkers.GenotypeGVCFs done. Elapsed time: 0.02 minutes.
Runtime.totalMemory()=203423744

Isso cria o arquivo de saída VCF family_trio.vcf no diretório de trabalho atual no contêiner, assim como seu índice, family_trio.vcf.idx. É outro arquivo razoavelmente pequeno, então você pode executar cat family_trio.vcf para visualizar o conteúdo do arquivo, e rolar para baixo para encontrar as primeiras linhas de variantes.

Conteúdo do arquivo (resumido)
family_trio.vcf
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##fileformat=VCFv4.2
##ALT=<ID=NON_REF,Description="Represents any possible alternative allele not already represented at this location by REF and ALT">
##FILTER=<ID=LowQual,Description="Low quality">
##FILTER=<ID=PASS,Description="All filters passed">
##FORMAT=<ID=AD,Number=R,Type=Integer,Description="Allelic depths for the ref and alt alleles in the order listed">
##FORMAT=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Approximate read depth (reads with MQ=255 or with bad mates are filtered)">
##FORMAT=<ID=GQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Genotype Quality">
##FORMAT=<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">
##FORMAT=<ID=MIN_DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Minimum DP observed within the GVCF block">
##FORMAT=<ID=PGT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Physical phasing haplotype information, describing how the alternate alleles are phased in relation to one another; will always be heterozygous and is not intended to describe called alleles">
##FORMAT=<ID=PID,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Physical phasing ID information, where each unique ID within a given sample (but not across samples) connects records within a phasing group">
##FORMAT=<ID=PL,Number=G,Type=Integer,Description="Normalized, Phred-scaled likelihoods for genotypes as defined in the VCF specification">
##FORMAT=<ID=PS,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Phasing set (typically the position of the first variant in the set)">
##FORMAT=<ID=RGQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Unconditional reference genotype confidence, encoded as a phred quality -10*log10 p(genotype call is wrong)">
##FORMAT=<ID=SB,Number=4,Type=Integer,Description="Per-sample component statistics which comprise the Fisher's Exact Test to detect strand bias.">
##GATKCommandLine=<ID=GenomicsDBImport,CommandLine="GenomicsDBImport --genomicsdb-workspace-path family_trio_gdb --variant reads_mother.g.vcf --variant reads_father.g.vcf --variant reads_son.g.vcf --intervals /data/ref/intervals.bed [abridged]",Version="4.5.0.0",Date="February 11, 2026 at 5:37:07 PM GMT">
##GATKCommandLine=<ID=GenotypeGVCFs,CommandLine="GenotypeGVCFs --output family_trio.vcf --variant gendb://family_trio_gdb --reference /data/ref/ref.fasta --include-non-variant-sites false [abridged]",Version="4.5.0.0",Date="February 11, 2026 at 5:38:45 PM GMT">
##GATKCommandLine=<ID=HaplotypeCaller,CommandLine="HaplotypeCaller --emit-ref-confidence GVCF --output reads_mother.g.vcf --intervals /data/ref/intervals.bed --input /data/bam/reads_mother.bam --reference /data/ref/ref.fasta [abridged]",Version="4.5.0.0",Date="February 11, 2026 at 4:51:00 PM GMT">
##INFO=<ID=AC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Allele count in genotypes, for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=AF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Allele Frequency, for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=AN,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Total number of alleles in called genotypes">
##INFO=<ID=BaseQRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score from Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt Vs. Ref base qualities">
##INFO=<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Approximate read depth; some reads may have been filtered">
##INFO=<ID=END,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Stop position of the interval">
##INFO=<ID=ExcessHet,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Phred-scaled p-value for exact test of excess heterozygosity">
##INFO=<ID=FS,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Phred-scaled p-value using Fisher's exact test to detect strand bias">
##INFO=<ID=InbreedingCoeff,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Inbreeding coefficient as estimated from the genotype likelihoods per-sample when compared against the Hardy-Weinberg expectation">
##INFO=<ID=MLEAC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Maximum likelihood expectation (MLE) for the allele counts (not necessarily the same as the AC), for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=MLEAF,Number=A,Type=Float,Description="Maximum likelihood expectation (MLE) for the allele frequency (not necessarily the same as the AF), for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO=<ID=MQ,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="RMS Mapping Quality">
##INFO=<ID=MQRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score From Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt vs. Ref read mapping qualities">
##INFO=<ID=QD,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Variant Confidence/Quality by Depth">
##INFO=<ID=RAW_MQandDP,Number=2,Type=Integer,Description="Raw data (sum of squared MQ and total depth) for improved RMS Mapping Quality calculation. Incompatible with deprecated RAW_MQ formulation.">
##INFO=<ID=ReadPosRankSum,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Z-score from Wilcoxon rank sum test of Alt vs. Ref read position bias">
##INFO=<ID=SOR,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Symmetric Odds Ratio of 2x2 contingency table to detect strand bias">
##contig=<ID=20_10037292_10066351,length=29059>
##source=GenomicsDBImport
##source=GenotypeGVCFs
##source=HaplotypeCaller
#CHROM  POS     ID      REF     ALT     QUAL    FILTER  INFO    FORMAT  reads_father    reads_mother    reads_son
20_10037292_10066351    3480    .       C       CT      1625.89 .       AC=5;AF=0.833;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=0.220;DP=85;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=2.476;MLEAC=5;MLEAF=0.833;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=21.68;ReadPosRankSum=-1.147e+00;SOR=0.487    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:15,16:31:99:367,0,375       1/1:0,18:18:54:517,54,0 1/1:0,26:26:78:756,78,0
20_10037292_10066351    3520    .       AT      A       1678.89 .       AC=5;AF=0.833;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=1.03;DP=80;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=2.290;MLEAC=5;MLEAF=0.833;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=22.39;ReadPosRankSum=0.701;SOR=0.730  GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:18,13:31:99:296,0,424       1/1:0,18:18:54:623,54,0 1/1:0,26:26:78:774,78,0
20_10037292_10066351    3529    .       T       A       154.29  .       AC=1;AF=0.167;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=-5.440e-01;DP=104;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=1.871;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.167;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=7.71;ReadPosRankSum=-1.158e+00;SOR=1.034       GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/0:44,0:44:99:0,112,1347       0/1:12,8:20:99:163,0,328        0/0:39,0:39:99:0,105,1194
20_10037292_10066351    4012    .       C       T       3950.73 .       AC=6;AF=1.00;AN=6;DP=127;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=6;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=31.86;SOR=0.725    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,46:46:99:1446,137,0   1/1:0,43:43:99:1412,129,0        1/1:0,35:35:99:1106,105,0
20_10037292_10066351    4409    .       A       ATATG   2478.69 .       AC=6;AF=1.00;AN=6;DP=96;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=6;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=33.95;SOR=0.963     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,28:28:90:969,90,0 1/1:0,21:21:69:724,69,0      1/1:0,24:24:72:799,72,0
20_10037292_10066351    4464    .       T       TA      620.25  .       AC=1;AF=0.167;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=0.108;DP=102;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.167;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=19.38;ReadPosRankSum=1.27;SOR=0.892 GT:AD:DP:GQ:PGT:PID:PL:PS       0|1:15,17:32:99:0|1:4464_T_TA:629,0,554:4464    0/0:30,0:30:78:.:.:0,78,1170 0/0:39,0:39:99:.:.:0,108,1286
20_10037292_10066351    4465    .       T       TA      620.25  .       AC=1;AF=0.167;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=-2.250e-01;DP=101;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.167;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=19.38;ReadPosRankSum=0.910;SOR=0.892   GT:AD:DP:GQ:PGT:PID:PL:PS       0|1:15,17:32:99:0|1:4464_T_TA:629,0,554:4464    0/0:30,0:30:78:.:.:0,78,1170 0/0:39,0:39:99:.:.:0,108,1286
20_10037292_10066351    5027    .       C       T       3339.73 .       AC=6;AF=1.00;AN=6;DP=108;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=6;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=31.51;SOR=0.731    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,36:36:99:1164,108,0   1/1:0,26:26:77:798,77,0  1/1:0,44:44:99:1391,132,0
20_10037292_10066351    5469    .       A       G       2725.93 .       AC=5;AF=0.833;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=-3.665e+00;DP=113;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=6.914;MLEAC=5;MLEAF=0.833;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=24.34;ReadPosRankSum=1.50;SOR=0.320    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:18,23:41:99:553,0,486       1/1:0,42:42:99:1311,126,0       1/1:0,29:29:86:876,86,0
20_10037292_10066351    7557    .       A       G       2257.93 .       AC=5;AF=0.833;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=-1.362e+00;DP=111;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=3.400;MLEAC=5;MLEAF=0.833;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=21.50;ReadPosRankSum=1.11;SOR=0.566    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:19,15:34:99:313,0,493       1/1:0,34:34:99:949,100,0        1/1:0,37:37:99:1010,108,0
20_10037292_10066351    7786    .       G       T       3503.73 .       AC=6;AF=1.00;AN=6;DP=114;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=6;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=31.28;SOR=0.970    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,34:34:99:1066,102,0   1/1:0,34:34:99:1057,102,0        1/1:0,44:44:99:1394,132,0
20_10037292_10066351    8350    .       G       C       2663.93 .       AC=5;AF=0.833;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=-1.608e+00;DP=106;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=5.378;MLEAC=5;MLEAF=0.833;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=25.37;ReadPosRankSum=-1.870e-01;SOR=0.950      GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:16,14:30:99:356,0,430       1/1:0,39:39:99:1176,115,0       1/1:0,36:36:99:1146,108,0
20_10037292_10066351    8886    .       AAGAAAGAAAG     A       3037.69 .       AC=6;AF=1.00;AN=6;DP=89;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=0.000;MLEAC=6;MLEAF=1.00;MQ=60.00;QD=25.36;SOR=2.269     GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,18:18:55:804,55,0      1/1:0,29:29:88:1282,88,0        1/1:0,22:22:67:965,67,0
20_10037292_10066351    9536    .       T       C       1089.95 .       AC=3;AF=0.500;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=-5.640e-01;DP=82;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=12.258;MLEAC=3;MLEAF=0.500;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=20.57;ReadPosRankSum=0.860;SOR=0.373   GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  1/1:0,32:32:95:950,95,0 0/0:29,0:29:81:0,81,1215        0/1:14,7:21:99:156,0,353
20_10037292_10066351    13375   .       C       T       724.29  .       AC=1;AF=0.167;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=0.171;DP=121;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=7.398;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.167;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=12.71;ReadPosRankSum=0.415;SOR=1.688        GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:28,29:57:99:733,0,679       0/0:29,0:29:81:0,81,1215        0/0:34,0:34:99:0,99,1485
20_10037292_10066351    13536   .       T       C       1025.16 .       AC=2;AF=0.333;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=1.63;DP=118;ExcessHet=0.9691;FS=1.719;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=0.333;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=11.65;ReadPosRankSum=-2.000e-01;SOR=0.904    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:21,23:44:99:591,0,526       0/1:26,18:44:99:445,0,672       0/0:29,0:29:84:0,84,1260
20_10037292_10066351    14156   .       T       C       438.16  .       AC=2;AF=0.333;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=3.20;DP=96;ExcessHet=0.9691;FS=2.381;MLEAC=2;MLEAF=0.333;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=7.82;ReadPosRankSum=1.13;SOR=0.592    GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:25,11:36:99:258,0,676       0/1:12,8:20:99:191,0,319        0/0:38,0:38:99:0,99,1117
20_10037292_10066351    14403   .       G       A       144.29  .       AC=1;AF=0.167;AN=6;BaseQRankSum=2.63;DP=116;ExcessHet=0.0000;FS=1.435;MLEAC=1;MLEAF=0.167;MQ=60.00;MQRankSum=0.00;QD=3.52;ReadPosRankSum=0.252;SOR=0.802  GT:AD:DP:GQ:PL  0/1:32,9:41:99:153,0,821        0/0:37,0:37:99:0,109,1169       0/0:37,0:37:99:0,99,1113

Destacamos mais uma vez a última linha do cabeçalho, que marca o início dos dados de chamada de variantes.

Isso parece similar ao VCF que geramos anteriormente, exceto que desta vez temos informações em nível de genótipo para todas as três amostras. As últimas três colunas no arquivo são os blocos de genótipo para as amostras, listadas em ordem alfabética de seu campo ID, como mostrado na linha de cabeçalho destacada.

Se olharmos os genótipos chamados para nosso trio familiar de teste para a primeira variante, vemos que o pai é heterozigoto-variante (0/1), e a mãe e o filho são ambos homozigotos-variante (1/1).

Essa é, em última análise, a informação que estamos procurando extrair do conjunto de dados!

2.3.3. Mover os arquivos de saída

Como observado anteriormente, qualquer coisa que permaneça dentro do contêiner ficará inacessível para trabalhos futuros. Antes de sairmos do contêiner, vamos mover os arquivos GVCF, o VCF final multi-amostra e todos os seus arquivos de índice manualmente para o sistema de arquivos fora do contêiner. Dessa forma, teremos algo para comparar quando construirmos nosso fluxo de trabalho para automatizar todo esse trabalho.

mv *.vcf* /data/vcf
Conteúdo do diretório" hl_lines="14-19 22-23 
data
├── bam
│   ├── reads_father.bam
│   ├── reads_father.bam.bai
│   ├── reads_mother.bam
│   ├── reads_mother.bam.bai
│   ├── reads_son.bam
│   └── reads_son.bam.bai
├── ref
│   ├── intervals.bed
│   ├── ref.dict
│   ├── ref.fasta
│   └── ref.fasta.fai
├── samplesheet.csv
└── vcf
    ├── family_trio.vcf
    ├── family_trio.vcf.idx
    ├── reads_father.g.vcf
    ├── reads_father.g.vcf.idx
    ├── reads_mother.g.vcf
    ├── reads_mother.g.vcf.idx
    ├── reads_mother.vcf
    ├── reads_mother.vcf.idx
    ├── reads_son.g.vcf
    └── reads_son.g.vcf.idx

Uma vez feito isso, todos os arquivos estão agora acessíveis no seu sistema de arquivos normal.

2.3.4. Sair do contêiner GATK

Para sair do contêiner, digite exit.

exit

Seu prompt deve voltar ao normal. Isso conclui o teste manual dos comandos de chamada conjunta de variantes.

Conclusão

Você sabe como testar os comandos de indexação Samtools e chamada de variantes GATK em seus respectivos contêineres, incluindo como gerar GVCFs e executar genotipagem conjunta em múltiplas amostras.

O que vem a seguir?

Faça uma pausa, depois siga para a Parte 2 para aprender como encapsular esses mesmos comandos em fluxos de trabalho que usam contêineres para executar o trabalho.